Abstract: This study explores the binding between various neuraminidase (NA) subtypes and neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) drugs to compare their effectiveness using computational methods. Current literature focuses on experimental studies. Computational methods offer benefits as they require fewer resources and can provide rapid results. Computational methods can predict binding affinity between molecules based on their structural properties and energetics and estimate the strength of interactions between NA subtypes and NAIs, providing valuable insights into their effectiveness. The influenza virus is surrounded by two primary surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). NA cleaves sialic acid from host cell receptors to release newly created virions. NA activity can be constrained by neuraminidase inhibitors. This study investigated the interaction between N1, N4, and N8 NA subtypes and NAIs, including laninamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir. In all cases, oseltamivir had the most favorable binding interaction with NA out of all the NAIs, suggesting that it is an inhibitor that can be used for treating influenza from the subtypes studied. The binding interaction analysis results suggest that oseltamivir’s high favorability might be due to the larger average number of interfacing residues in docking with NA subtypes. This research study extends past work by providing computational evidence for the effectiveness of oseltamivir across multiple NA subtypes and contributes to the theoretical understanding of anti-influenza drug development.

References

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2. Aoki, Fred Y. “Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections.” Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2015, pp. 531-545.e5, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152365/, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00044-8. Accessed 30 Aug. 2022.

3. Benton, Donald J., et al. “Role of Neuraminidase in Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Receptor Binding.” Journal of Virology, vol. 91, no. 11, 1 June 2017, jvi.asm.org/content/91/11/e02293-16, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02293-16. Accessed 27 Aug. 2022.

4. Blut, Arbeitskreis. “Influenza Virus.” Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, vol. 36, no. 1, 2009, pp. 32–39, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928832/, https://doi.org/10.1159/000197314. Accessed 27 Aug. 2022.

5. Bossart, P J, et al. “Crystallization and Preliminary X-Ray Analyses of Two Neuraminidases from Influenza B Virus Strains B/Hong Kong/8/73 and B/Lee/40.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 263, no. 13, 5 May 1988, pp. 6421–6423, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925818688027, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68802-7. Accessed 23 June 2022.

6. Collins, Patrick J., et al. “Crystal Structures of Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Mutants.” Nature, vol. 453, no. 7199, 14 May 2008, pp. 1258–1261, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06956. Accessed 3 July 2022.

7. Colman, Peter M. “New Antivirals and Drug Resistance.” Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol. 78, no. 1, June 2009, pp. 95–118, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.082207.084029. Accessed 16 Aug. 2022.

8. Couch, Robert B. “Orthomyxoviruses.” Nih.gov, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8611/. Accessed 27 June 2022.

9. Gao, Q., et al. “A Seven-Segmented Influenza a Virus Expressing the Influenza c Virus Glycoprotein HEF.” Journal of Virology, vol. 82, no. 13, 30 Apr. 2008, pp. 6419–6426, https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00514-08.

10. Goddard, Thomas D., et al. “UCSF ChimeraX: Meeting Modern Challenges in Visualization and Analysis.” Protein Science, vol. 27, no. 1, 6 Sept. 2017, pp. 14–25, https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3235. Accessed 24 July 2022.

11. Gubareva, Larisa V. “Molecular Mechanisms of Influenza Virus Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors.” Virus Research, vol. 103, no. 1-2, July 2004, pp. 199–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.034.

12. “HADDOCK2.4 Basic Protein-Protein Docking Tutorial.” Bonvin Lab, www.bonvinlab.org/education/HADDOCK24/HADDOCK24-protein-protein-basic/. Accessed 23 July 2022.

13. Honorato, Rodrigo V., et al. “Structural Biology in the Clouds: The WeNMR-EOSC Ecosystem.” Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, vol. 8, 28 July 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.729513.

14. Houser, Katherine, and Kanta Subbarao. “Influenza Vaccines: Challenges and Solutions.” Cell Host & Microbe, vol. 17, no. 3, Mar. 2015, pp. 295–300, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4362519/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.012. Accessed 12 June 2022.

15. Krissinel, Evgeny, and Kim Henrick. “Inference of Macromolecular Assemblies from Crystalline State.” Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 372, no. 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 774–797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.022.

16. Kumar, Ashish, et al. “Docking, Thermodynamics and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Studies of a Non-Canonical Protease Inhibitor, MP-4, from Mucuna Pruriens.” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, 12 Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18733-9. Accessed 18 June 2023.

17. McAuley, Julie L., et al. “Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Structure and Functions.” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 10, 29 Jan. 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00039.

18. Naeem, Asif, et al. “Antigenic Drift of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase in Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Viruses from Saudi Arabia in 2014 to 2015.” Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 92, no. 12, Apr. 2020, pp. 3016–3027, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25759. Accessed 29 Aug. 2022.

19. Pettersen, Eric F., et al. “UCSF ChimeraX : Structure Visualization for Researchers, Educators, and Developers.” Protein Science, vol. 30, no. 1, 22 Oct. 2020, pp. 70–82, https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3943. Accessed 21 Aug. 2022.

20. Pizzorno, Andrés, et al. “Impact of Mutations at Residue I223 of the Neuraminidase Protein on the Resistance Profile, Replication Level, and Virulence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus.” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 56, no. 3, 27 Dec. 2011, pp. 1208–1214, https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.05994-11. Accessed 28 Aug. 2022.

21. Russell, Rupert J., et al. “The Structure of H5N1 Avian Influenza Neuraminidase Suggests New Opportunities for Drug Design.” Nature, vol. 443, no. 7107, 16 Aug. 2006, pp. 45–49, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05114. Accessed 3 June 2022.

22. Shtyrya, Y A, et al. “Influenza Virus Neuraminidase: Structure and Function.” Acta Naturae, vol. 1, no. 2, 2009, pp. 26–32, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347517/. Accessed 24 June 2022.

23. Skelton, Raegan M., and Victor C. Huber. “Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus.” Viruses, vol. 14, no. 5, 13 May 2022, p. 1036, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147167/, https://doi.org/10.3390/v14051036. Accessed 18 Aug. 2022.

24. Smith, Brian J., et al. “Structural Studies of the Resistance of Influenza Virus Neuramindase to Inhibitors.” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 45, no. 11, 30 Apr. 2002, pp. 2207–2212, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12014958, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm010528u. Accessed 24 June 2022.

25. van Zundert, G.C.P., et al. “The HADDOCK2.2 Web Server: User-Friendly Integrative Modeling of Biomolecular Complexes.” Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 428, no. 4, Feb. 2016, pp. 720–725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.014.

26. Vangone, Anna, and Alexandre MJJ Bonvin. “Contacts-Based Prediction of Binding Affinity in Protein–Protein Complexes.” ELife, vol. 4, 20 July 2015, https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.07454.

27. Vavricka, Christopher J., et al. “Structural and Functional Analysis of Laninamivir and Its Octanoate Prodrug Reveals Group Specific Mechanisms for Influenza NA Inhibition.” PLoS Pathogens, vol. 7, no. 10, 20 Oct. 2011, p. e1002249, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002249. Accessed 19 Aug. 2022.

28. Wagner, Ralf, et al. “Functional Balance between Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase in Influenza Virus Infections.” Reviews in Medical Virology, vol. 12, no. 3, 2002, pp. 159–166, https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.352. Accessed 27 Aug. 2022.

29. Xue, Li C., et al. “PRODIGY: A Web Server for Predicting the Binding Affinity of Protein–Protein Complexes.” Bioinformatics, vol. 32, no. 23, 8 Aug. 2016, pp. 3676–3678, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw514.

30. Yen, Hui-Ling, et al. “Importance of Neuraminidase Active-Site Residues to the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance of Influenza Viruses.” Journal of Virology, vol. 80, no. 17, 1 Sept. 2006, pp. 8787–8795, jvi.asm.org/content/80/17/8787, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00477-06. Accessed 29 Aug. 2022.

Abstract: Approximately 95,000 cases of E. coli related food poisoning are reported in the U.S. each year. The purpose of this study is to improve the effectiveness of the antibiotic Neosporin against bacteria by supplementing it with the polyphenol resveratrol. There is a great deal of information about the impact of polyphenols on the function of topoisomerase and the development of resistance to standard antibiotics. However, there is very little research on the impact of the polyphenol resveratrol combined with the standard antibiotic, Neosporin, on the growth of Escherichia coli. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the common antibiotic Neosporin enhanced with the polyphenol resveratrol on Escherichia coli. This study was completed by combining the neosporin with resveratrol and examining the zones of inhibition versus the control (water) using a Kirby-Bauer assay. Two different trials were conducted over the course of 4 days.  A resveratrol pill was taken and broken in half. 0.25 grams of resveratrol powder was measured by placing the powder on a different weighboat and placing it in the analytical balance to accurately measure the mass. The resveratrol powder was placed in the beakers labeled resveratrol and the resveratrol and neosporin. In each beaker, 200 mL of a 1:5 water: ethanol solution was added to help dissolve them. A hot plate was placed on level ,2 and each beaker was placed on top for 10 minutes while stirring occasionally with a glass stirring rod.  The results of the Kirby-Bauer assay showed that, as hypothesized, the neosporin and resveratrol combined had the largest zones of inhibition. Thus, this novel combination could be a promising new method to address antibiotic resistance.

References

1. Bandele, O., Clawson, S. J., & Osheroff, N. (2008). Dietary Polyphenols as Topoisomerase II Poisons: B Ring and C Ring Substituents Determine the Mechanism of Enzyme-Mediated DNA Cleavage Enhancement. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(6), 1253–1260. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx8000785

2. CDC. (2022, October 5). How do germs become resistant? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about/how-resistance-happens.html#:~:text=Antimicrobial%20resistance%20happens%20when%20germs

3. Daoud, N., Hamdoun, M., Hannachi, H., Gharsallah, C., Mallekh, W., & Bahri, O. (2020). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli among Tunisian Outpatients with Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection (2012-2018). Current Urology, 14(4), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499238

4. E. Coli (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth. (n.d.). Kidshealth.org. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/e-coli.html#:~:text=Some%20types%20of%20E.

5. E. coli - Symptoms and causes. (2022, October 1). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/symptoms-causes/syc-20372058#:~:text=Most%20healthy%20adults%20recover%20from

6. Hendley, J. O., & Ashe, K. M. (2003). Eradication of Resident Bacteria of Normal Human Skin by Antimicrobial Ointment. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47(6), 1988–1990. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.6.1988-1990.2003

7. Manso, T., Lores, M., & de Miguel, T. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Natural Polyphenolic Extracts on Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics, 11(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010046

8. Meng, X., Zhou, J., Zhao, C.-N., Gan, R.-Y., & Li, H.-B. (2020). Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol: A Narrative Review. Foods, 9(3), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030340

9. Neosporin For Cuts? Some Doctors Say No. (2023, July 27). Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-07-27/neosporin-for-cuts-some-doctors-say-no

10. Nitiss, J. L., Soans, E., Rogojina, A., Seth, A., & Mishina, M. (2012). Topoisomerase Assays. Current Protocols in Pharmacology, CHAPTER, Unit3.3. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471141755.ph0303s57

11. Rahul, R., Maheswary, D., Damodharan, N., & leela, K. V. (2023). Unveiling Global Public Interest and Seasonal Patterns of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance: An Infodemiology Study with Implications for Public Health Awareness and Intervention Strategies. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 105231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105231

12. Subramanian, M., Goswami, M., Chakraborty, S., & Jawali, N. (2014). Resveratrol induced inhibition of Escherichia coli proceeds via membrane oxidation and independent of diffusible reactive oxygen species generation. Redox Biology, 2, 865–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.007

13. The Real Truths About E. Coli | MemorialCare. (n.d.). Www.memorialcare.org. https://www.memorialcare.org/blog/real-truths-about-e-coli#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Center%20for

14. Wang, X., Qi, Y., & Zheng, H. (2022). Dietary Polyphenol, Gut Microbiota, and Health Benefits. Antioxidants, 11(6), 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061212

15. Yilmaz, N., Agus, N., Bayram, A., Samlioglu, P., Sirin, M. C., Karaca Derici, Y., & Yilmaz Hanci, S. (2016). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolates as agents of community-acquired urinary tract infection (2008-2014). Türk Üroloji Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Urology, 42(1), 32–36.  https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2016.90836

Abstract: Taiwan's family structure has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades, influenced by modernization, evolving social norms, and economic changes. Traditionally, Taiwan followed a Confucian family model, with multi-generational extended families being the norm. However, since the 1980s, Taiwan has shifted toward a Westernized nuclear family structure, consisting of two parents and their children, driven by economic modernization. This transition has led to more diverse and, at times, fragile family structures, notably an increase in single-parent households, particularly those led by women.

The rise in single-parent households, especially single-mother families, reflects Taiwan’s changing social values, including increased divorce rates. Unfortunately, Taiwanese society continues to stigmatize single mothers, rooted in Confucian ideals that prioritize families often consisting of male-dominated leadership in which single mothers are seen as part of "broken family units." The persistence of Confucian family values in Taiwan continues to influence societal and governmental attitudes toward single-parent households. Single mothers, in particular, often find themselves excluded from welfare programs designed for traditional two-parent families, further deepening their marginalization.  These women not only face social stigma but also substantial challenges like financial hardship and inadequate government support. Such social marginalization significantly affects both the mothers and their children, who are at a heightened risk of economic disadvantage, emotional insecurity, and social isolation. The financial strain on these households often limits children's educational opportunities and emotional well-being. 

While single-father households have historically been more financially stable, recent changes in the labor market have made them increasingly vulnerable. Uneducated single fathers now face significant challenges in securing stable employment, which has led to more significant economic hardship. Additionally, single fathers tend to be less involved in their children’s lives, further exacerbating emotional and developmental difficulties for their children. Hence, notwithstanding some gender differences ingrained in the culture, pressure to conform to traditional Taiwanese family structures, combined with inadequate governmental support, makes it difficult for single parents and their children to escape the obstacles of financial hardship, socioeconomic stigma, and educational setbacks.

References

1. Chang, C. (1995, Aug.). Singled Out for Extra Concern–A Look at One Parent Homes. Taiwan-Panorama.com. 

2. Cheng, Y. A. (2020, Sept). Changing families in contemporary Taiwan. Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2020/09/08/changing-families-in-conteporary-taiwan/

3. Cheng, Y, A. (2016). More education, fewer divorces? Shifting education differentials of divorce in Taiwan from 1975 to 2010. Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 34(33), pp. 927-942.

4. Cheng, Y. A., & Wu, F. F. (2016). Going It Alone and Adrift: The Socioeconomic Profile and Parental Involvement of Single-Father and Single-Mother Families in Post-Industrial Taiwan. Journal of Population Research, vol. 33(2), pp. 147–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43919994. 

5. Hong, Rei-Mei (2011) The lived experience of being a sole mother in Taiwan. PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology.

6. Hsiao, V., Chen, S., & Withers, M. (2019). Understanding perspectives and lived experiences of at-risk Taiwanese teenage boys through photovoice. *Journal of Global Health Science*, 1(2), e40. https://doi.org/10.35500/jghs.2019.1.e40

7. Hsueh, J., Cai, L., & Keng, C. (2020). Single-parent families in Taiwan. The Institute for Family Studies. https://ifstudies.org/blog/single-parent-families-in-taiwan-

8. Lai, H. J. (2022). Social stigma and management strategies of unmarried single mothers in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 32:1, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2021.1934098

9. Lee, Ming-shan. (2021). On the Margins of the Nuclear Family: Single-Parenthood Stigma in Taiwan. Taiwaninsight.org.https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/01/25/on-the-margins-of-the-nuclear-family-single-parenthood-stigma-in-taiwan/ 

10. Lee, Ming-Yu (2001) What is the impact of a Confucian welfare regime upon lone mothers in Taiwan? PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.

11. Yang, Li-Ling. (2008, Sept.). The Life Stories of Motherhood Among Divorced Women in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Research 16(3):p 220-230. | DOI: 10.1097/01.JNR.0000387309.19493.b0

     

    
     

Abstract:  Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CPRC) is the lethal stage of prostate cancer that persists after androgen deprivation therapy. There are four epigenetic subtypes of CRPC including stem cell-like (SCL) which is AR-low/independent and lacks therapeutic options. CRPC-SCL is driven by FOSL1, a transcription factor critical to the survival of this disease subtype. Here, I uncovered that ERK inhibition using small molecules leads to suppression of FOSL1 and decreased viability in CRPC-SCL models. These data suggest that targeting the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway serves as a potential therapeutic strategy for stem cell-like prostate cancer.

References

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2. Casalino, L., Talotta, F., Matino, I., & Verde, P. (2023). FRA-1 as a Regulator of EMT and Metastasis in Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098307 

3. Caunt, C. J., Sale, M. J., Smith, P. D., & Cook, S. J. (2015). MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors and cancer therapy: the long and winding road. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 15(10), 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc4000 

4. Chaikuad, A., Tacconi, E. M., Zimmer, J., Liang, Y., Gray, N. S., Tarsounas, M., & Knapp, S. (2014). A unique inhibitor binding site in ERK1/2 is associated with slow binding kinetics. Nature Chemical Biology, 10(10), 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1629 

5. Gao, D., Vela, I., Sboner, A., Iaquinta, P. J., Karthaus, W. R., Gopalan, A., Dowling, C., Wanjala, J. N., Undvall, E. A., Arora, V. K., Wongvipat, J., Kossai, M., Ramazanoglu, S., Barboza, L. P., Di, W., Cao, Z., Zhang, Q. F., Sirota, I., Ran, L., MacDonald, T. Y., … Chen, Y. (2014). Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cell, 159(1), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.016 

6. Morris, E. J., Jha, S., Restaino, C. R., Dayananth, P., Zhu, H., Cooper, A., Carr, D., Deng, Y., Jin, W., Black, S., Long, B., Liu, J., Dinunzio, E., Windsor, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, S., Angagaw, M. H., Pinheiro, E. M., Desai, J., Xiao, L., … Samatar, A. A. (2013). Discovery of a novel ERK inhibitor with activity in models of acquired resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Cancer Discovery, 3(7), 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0070 

7. Seger, R., & Krebs, E. G. (1995). The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9(9), 726–735. 

8. Tang, F., Xu, D., Wang, S., Wong, C. K., Martinez-Fundichely, A., Lee, C. J., Cohen, S., Park, J., Hill, C. E., Eng, K., Bareja, R., Han, T., Liu, E. M., Palladino, A., Di, W., Gao, D., Abida, W., Beg, S., Puca, L., Meneses, M., … Khurana, E. (2022). Chromatin profiles classify castration-resistant prostate cancers suggesting therapeutic targets. Science (New York, N.Y.), 376(6596), eabe1505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1505 

9. Talotta, F., Casalino, L., & Verde, P. (2020). The nuclear oncoprotein Fra-1: a transcription factor knocking on therapeutic applications' door. Oncogene, 39(23), 4491–4506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-1306-4 

10. Watson, P. A., Arora, V. K., & Sawyers, C. L. (2015). Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 15(12), 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc4016 

11. Xiong, G., Ouyang, S., Xie, N., Xie, J., Wang, W., Yi, C., Zhang, M., Xu, X., Chen, D., & Wang, C. (2022). FOSL1 promotes tumor growth and invasion in ameloblastoma. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, 900108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.900108

Abstract: Gender-based price discrimination, or “The Pink Tax,” is an economic bias that sees one gender charged a different price for the same goods or services. This "tax" is commonly levied on feminine-marketed products. Thus, “female” goods targeting are comparatively more expensive than those marketed to males.  Previous research has confirmed the presence of gender-based price discrimination; this study expands this work by examining whether girls’ knowledge of these price disparities differs by high school type (single-sex or coeducational). Additionally, it evaluates the extent to which internalized sexism and/or relative masculinity vs. femininity contribute to adolescent girls’ knowledge. 

147 participants chose between a series of binary product choices (masculine-advertised or feminine-advertised). They also completed 1) The Traditional Masculinity-Femininity (TMF) scale and 2) a self-designed Internalized Sexism Scale. These instruments evaluated subjects’ attitudes towards masculinity/femininity and gender roles. Additionally, participants were asked to define gender-based price discrimination in a free-response question. Both quantitative and qualitative coding and statistical analyses were undertaken. Adolescent girls' masculinity/femininity index was strongly correlated with tendency to choose feminine-advertised products. Those who most accurately defined gender-based discrimination reported significantly lower levels of internalized sexism. Unexpectedly, no significant differences between girls attending a single-sex school and those enrolled in a coeducational institution were found for any dependent variable. This suggests a societal-level problem beyond the reach of school environment.

References

[1] Avery, J. (2012). Defending the markers of masculinity: Consumer resistance to brand

gender-bending. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 322–336.

[2] Buckley, C. (2009, February 5). At the Cleaners, one Woman Seeks gender equality. The 

New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/nyregion/05cleaners.html

[3] CBS Interactive. (2016, January 25). CBS news goes undercover to Reveal GENDER price 

discrimination. CBS News. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/price-discrimination-gender-gap-cbs-news-undercover-dry-cleaners/.

[4] Center for Ethical Organizational Cultures Auburn University. (n.d.). Should Companies Be 

Allowed to Engage in Gender Based Pricing? Auburn University. Retrieved August 6, 2021, from https://harbert.auburn.edu/binaries/documents/center-for-ethical-organizational-cultures/debate_issues/gender-based-discrimination.pdf.

[5] Dewhirst, T., Lee, W. B., Fong, G. T., & Ling, P. M. (2016, November). Exporting an 

inherently harmful product: The marketing of Virginia Slims cigarettes in the United States, Japan, and Korea. Journal of business ethics : JBE. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5181852/ 

[6] Esteban-Gonzalo, S., Sik Ying Ho, P., Aparicio-García, M. E., & Esteban-Gonzalo, L.

(2020, February 20). Understanding the meaning of conformity to feminine norms in lifestyle habits and Health: A Cluster Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068260/ 

[7] Horwitz, S. (2015, May 13). Is there really a Pink Tax?: Steven Horwitz. FEE Freeman 

Article. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://fee.org/articles/is-there-really-a-pink-tax/ 

[8] Kane, J. (2017, December 7). This is the price of your period. HuffPost. Retrieved 

September 10, 2021, from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/period-cost-lifetime_n_7258780

[9] Kachel, Sven & Steffens, Melanie & Niedlich, Claudia. (2016). Traditional Masculinity 

and Femininity: Validation of a New Scale Assessing Gender Roles. Frontiers in Psychology. 7. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956. 

[10] Marcinkowski, J. (2020, March 11). The real problem with the pink tax. The Cat's Eye 

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[11] Marie, G. (2018, April 3). A cry for Lady Pens. Medium. Retrieved April 25, 2022, from 

https://medium.com/@gretchen.freiermuth/a-cry-for-lady-pens-6e1637356dd5 

[12] Mbai, D. (2020, October 21). "you've come a long way, baby!" or the story of how 

Virginia Slims tried to 'emancipate' women through smoking. Gender and Intersectional Analysis. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://sites.tufts.edu/gender/youve-come-a-long-way-baby-or-the-story-of-how-virginia-slims-tried-to-emancipate-women-through-smoking/

[13] O'Barr, W.M. (2006). Representations of Masculinity and Femininity in Advertising. 

Advertising & Society Review 7(2),  doi:10.1353/asr.2006.0028.

[14] Palan, K. M. (2001). Gender identity in consumer behavior research: A literature review

and research agenda. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2001(10), 1-31.

[15] Pink Tax. (n.d.). Because it shouldn't cost more to be a woman. The Pink Tax - Gender 

Price The Pink Tax: The Persistence of Gender Price Disparity. 2019, http://research.monm.edu/mjur/files/2020/02/MJUR-i12-2019-Conference-4-Lafferty.pdf.

[16] Polk, M. (2018, October 24). Philip Morris: How Virginia Slims targeted women to sell 

cigarettes. Medium. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://medium.com/@maggiepolk/philip-morris-how-virginia-slims-targeted-women-to-sell-cigarettes-e4bcf8271d2 

[17] Sandhu, N. (2017). Consumer response to brand gender bending: An integrated review 

and future research agenda. Business Perspectives and Research, 5(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533717692917

[18] The cost of doing femininity: Gendered disparities in pricing of personal care products and 

services. Duesterhaus, M; Grauerholz, L; Weichsel, R; Guittar, NA Gender Issues); 2011 Vol. 28 Issue 4, p175-191, 17p. Document Type: article; (AN GI.BH.AGE.DUESTERHAUS.CDFGDP) [Citation Record], Database: EBSCO Publishing Citations

[19] Wakeman, J. (2020, August 6). The real cost of pink tax. Healthline. Retrieved September 

10, 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/health/the-real-cost-of-pink-tax.

Abstract: Suicide is a widely increasing issue across the United States, particularly in adolescents due to the hormonal change that occur at their age (1). However, most research centered around suicide have focused on the adult population. This brings in an important issue of how suicide interacts with adolescents. The YRBS data set was used to gather data on adolescent suicidal behavior and their health risk behaviors. There were three questions in the survey that had suicidal information, and the user input for these questions, each participant was categorized into 1 of 6 increasing categories of suicidal ideation. Chi-square tests of independence were used to select risk factors from the data set to add into the final regression model. A separate model was created for location, and odds ratios from the model showed that every borough sampled in New York City were 18 times less likely to have higher levels of suicidal ideation compared to other locations sampled. For the health-risk behaviors, once again odds ratios were calculated from the coefficients of the ordinal regression model. The risk factors with strong positive associations with suicidal ideation were forced sexual intercourse, followed by bullying and cyber bullying. On the other hand, risk factors with strong negative associations were getting 8 hours of sleep, eating breakfast everyday, and staying physically active everyday. The implications of the findings give future researchers clear questions to investigate to battle suicide in a largely neglected population.

References

1. Manceaux, Pauline, et al. “Hormonal and Developmental Influences on Adolescent Suicide: A Systematic Review.” Psychiatria Danubina, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 27 Sept. 2015, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26417784/.

2. Cash, Scottye J, and Jeffrey A Bridge. “Epidemiology of Youth Suicide and Suicidal Behavior.” Current Opinion in Pediatrics, vol. 21, no. 5, 2009, pp. 613–619, doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32833063e1.

3. Harmer, Bonnie, et al. “Suicidal Ideation.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Apr. 2023, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33351435/.

4. Millner, Alexander J., et al. “Describing and Measuring the Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Preliminary Study.” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 47, no. 3, 2016, pp. 353–369, doi:10.1111/sltb.12284.

5. Tariq, Naveen, and Vikas Gupta. “High Risk Behaviors.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 11 July 2022, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809591/.

6. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. “YRBSS Overview.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Apr. 2023, www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/overview.htm.

7. Mendelsohn, Colin. “Smoking and Depression--a Review.” Australian Family Physician, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 4 May 2012, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558621/.

8. Hamilton, D. F., et al. “Interpreting Regression Models in Clinical Outcome Studies.” Bone & Joint Research, vol. 4, no. 9, 4 Sept. 2015, pp. 152–153, doi:10.1302/2046-3758.49.2000571.

9. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Stats of the State - Suicide Mortality.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Feb. 2023, www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/suicide-mortality/suicide.htm.

10. Kroenke, Kurt, et al. “The PHQ-9.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 16, no. 9, 16 Sept. 2001, pp. 606–613, doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.

11. Dir, Allyson L., et al. “Depressive Symptoms Following Recent Sexual Assault: The Role of Drug and Alcohol Use, Acute Stress, and Assault Characteristics.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 36, no. 11–12, 24 June 2018, pp. 5900–5913, doi:10.1177/0886260518803605.

12. Selkie, Ellen M., et al. “Cyberbullying, Depression, and Problem Alcohol Use in Female College Students: A Multisite Study.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 18, no. 2, 1 Feb. 2015, pp. 79–86, doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0371.

13. Jindal, R. “Treatment of Insomnia Associated with Clinical Depression.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, vol. 8, no. 1, 8 Feb. 2004, pp. 19–30, doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)00025-x.

14. Stahl, Stephen M. “The Psychopharmacology of Energy and Fatigue.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 63, no. 1, 2002, pp. 7–8, doi:10.4088/jcp.v63n0102.

15. López-Sobaler, Ana M.a, et al. “Importancia Del Desayuno En La Mejora Nutricional y Sanitaria de La Población.” Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 35, no. 6, 2018, doi:10.20960/nh.2278.

Abstract: In modern digital communication, analyzing signals and reducing noise is essential in producing precise and audible sound files, accurately rendering images, or any process in which continuous analog input data needs to be digitized and mathematically manipulated. A prime example is a speech, in which even slight amounts of noise can lead from anywhere to slightly distorted to completely unintelligible sounds. Because human ears are relatively more sensitive to higher-frequency sounds than lower-frequency sounds, we are vulnerable to these unwanted noises, mainly consisting of high-frequency sounds compared to main sound sources such as voice. Thus, to emphasize and enhance the original signal, numerous systems have been designed to diminish noise and amplify the intended signal using filters (which serve to suppress certain characteristics of a signal. These noise-removing systems can be further improved by implementing proper algorithms and mathematical windowing functions to increase effectiveness. In this paper, we employ combinations of a Low Pass Filter (LPF) and various windows to find the best-fit LPF window combination to achieve the highest noise reduction efficiency. We implicated various filter designs at simple trigonometric functions and varying samples to substantiate and illustrate the noise-removing efficiency of nine unique selected filter designs. To collect data, we used MATLAB to analyze the audio files and execute the Fast Fourier Transform onto the original continuous analog voice.

Keywords: Noise reduction, Acoustics, Algorithm, MatLab, Fast Fourier Transform), Low Pass Filter

References

Behrman, Jere R. "The economic rationale for investing in nutrition in developing countries." 

World Development 21.11 (1993): 1749-1771.

Dixon, G. R., & Tilston, E. L. (2010). Soil-borne pathogens and their interactions with the soil 

environment. In Soil microbiology and sustainable crop production (pp. 197-271). Springer, Dordrecht

HTG supply: Hydroponics & Indoor Garden Supply Store. HTG Supply Hydroponics & Grow 

Lights. (n.d.). Retrieved January 1, 2023, from https://www.htgsupply.com/ 

“Hydroponic Systems for Sale.” Planet Natural, 

https://www.planetnatural.com/product-category/growing-indoors/hydroponics/hydroponi

c-systems/. 

Interfacing Atlas Scientific Ph Sensor with Arduino via UART/I2C. (n.d.). How To Electronics. 

Retrieved January 2, 2023, from https://how2electronics.com/interfacing-atlas-scientific-ph-sensor-with-arduino-via-uart-i2c/

Kramer, Christine V., and Stephen Allen. "Malnutrition in developing countries." Pediatrics and 

child health 25.9 (2015): 422-427.

Liliane, Tandzi Ngoune, and Mutengwa Shelton Charles. "Factors affecting yield of crops." 

Agronomy-climate change & food security (2020): 9.

Monsees H, Suhl J, Paul M, Kloas W, Dannehl D, et al. (2019) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa, variety 

Salanova) production in decoupled aquaponic systems: Same yield and similar quality as in conventional hydroponic systems but drastically reduced greenhouse gas emissions by saving inorganic fertilizer. PLOS ONE 14(6): e0218368. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218368

Ngyuen, Nga T., et al. "Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant 

Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements." US National Library of 

Medicine, 13 July 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5091364/.

Rose, Donald, and J Nicholas Bodor. “Household food insecurity and overweight status in young 

school children: results from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study.” Pediatrics vol. 117,2 (2006): 464-73. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0582

Ryan, Kelley. “ PH BALANCE AND PLANTS IN HYDROPONICS.” Hydroexperts, 9 Oct. 

2017, 

https://www.hydroexperts.com.au/buying/resource-library/ph-balance-and-plants-in-hydr

oponics/. 

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Abstract: The prevalence of wildfires in the Western United States has had devastating effects, and due to climate change, these fires are becoming more and more common. One effective way to address this issue is through appropriately and adequately distributing fire fighting stations in high-risk areas. In this research, geospatial analysis was used to locate the fire stations most overworked in terms of the area they are responsible for, the density of housing units in that area, and the risk of a fire in the area. In order to do this, archived data on the locations of fire stations and the fire risk at various locations in Idaho was used. The risk data was calculated in previous research. A Voronoi Diagram was generated around each fire station to define the area of responsibility for each station. A Voronoi Diagram was also created around the risk locations. Overlapping these polygons allowed for the calculation of the risk that each fire station is responsible for. By multiplying the risk across the cell by the area of the cell the most overworked stations in Idaho were revealed. The results showed two especially high-risk stations, one in Southeast Boise and one in Mountain Home. Respectively, their risks are 4835% and 4340% of the average station risk. The construction of additional fire stations in these areas could work to reduce this risk, but further research is needed here.

References

1. Burke, Marshall, et al. “The Changing Risk and Burden of Wildfire in the United States.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 2, 12 Jan. 2021, www.pnas.org/content/118/2/e2011048118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011048118.

2. Environmental Defense Fund. “Here’s How Climate Change Affects Wildfires.” Environmental Defense Fund, www.edf.org/climate/heres-how-climate-change-affects-wildfires.

3. Finney, Mark A., et al. “A Simulation of Probabilistic Wildfire Risk Components for the Continental United States.” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol. 25, no. 7, 27 Mar. 2011, pp. 973–1000, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-011-0462-z. Accessed 2 Feb. 2021.

4. “Fire Stations.” Hifld-Geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com, hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/0ccaf0c53b794eb8ac3d3de6afdb3286_0/explore?location=38.601968%2C-120.631622%2C3.77. Accessed 9 Mar. 2023.

5. H., Scott, Joe, et al. Wildfire Risk to Communities: Spatial Datasets of Landscape-Wide Wildfire Risk Components for the United States. www.fs.usda.gov/rds/archive/Catalog/RDS-2020-0016. Accessed 9 Mar. 2023.

6. Olawoyin, Rachel, and Peter Kwabenah Acheampong. “Objective Assessment of the Thiessen Polygon Method for Estimating Areal Rainfall Depths in the River Volta Catchment in Ghana.” Ghana Journal of Geography, vol. 9, no. 2, 2017, pp. 151–174, www.ajol.info/index.php/gjg/article/view/159544, 10.4314/gjg.v9i2. Accessed 15 Feb. 2022.

7. Renkas, Artur Renkas. “Optimization of Fire Station Locations to Increase the Efficiency of Firefighting in Natural Ecosystems.” Journal of Environmental Research, Jan. 2022.

8. Tran, Q. T.; Tainar, D.; Safar, M. (2009). Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-Centered Systems. p. 357. ISBN 9783642037214.

9. “Wildfires by State.” Policygenius, www.policygenius.com/homeowners-insurance/wildfires-by-state/.

10. Yu, Wenhao, et al. “Service Area Delimitation of Fire Stations with Fire Risk Analysis: Implementation and Case Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 6, 19 Mar. 2020, p. 2030, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062030. Accessed 7 Dec. 2020.

Abstract: Green roofs (GRs) are typically used to retain stormwater and are increasingly being used to produce food by growing edible vegetation, such as Mad Hatter Peppers (Capsicum baccatum). However, there have been conflicting studies on whether GRs can feasibly produce Capsicum baccatum in GRs compared to in-ground production. To test this, water retention was compared among small-scale models of three different vegetation types: two Sedum setups, two Capsicum baccatum setups, and one bare setup. The models used water storage compartments and moisture retention fabric to increase water retention and to reduce the need for irrigation. There was not a statistically significant difference in water retention between the different vegetation types, and the Capsicum baccatum wilted by the end of the study, so it did not produce food. These results indicate that Sedum should be used in future GRs because they can provide many benefits other than water retention, whereas Capsicum baccatum may not be healthy enough to provide other benefits.

References

1. Manceaux, Pauline, et al. “Hormonal and Developmental Influences on Adolescent Suicide: A Systematic Review.” Psychiatria Danubina, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 27 Sept. 2015, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26417784/.

2. Cash, Scottye J, and Jeffrey A Bridge. “Epidemiology of Youth Suicide and Suicidal Behavior.” Current Opinion in Pediatrics, vol. 21, no. 5, 2009, pp. 613–619, doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32833063e1.

3. Harmer, Bonnie, et al. “Suicidal Ideation.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Apr. 2023, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33351435/.

4. Millner, Alexander J., et al. “Describing and Measuring the Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Preliminary Study.” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 47, no. 3, 2016, pp. 353–369, doi:10.1111/sltb.12284.

5. Tariq, Naveen, and Vikas Gupta. “High Risk Behaviors.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 11 July 2022, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809591/.

6. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. “YRBSS Overview.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Apr. 2023, www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/overview.htm.

7. Mendelsohn, Colin. “Smoking and Depression--a Review.” Australian Family Physician, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 4 May 2012, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558621/.

8. Hamilton, D. F., et al. “Interpreting Regression Models in Clinical Outcome Studies.” Bone & Joint Research, vol. 4, no. 9, 4 Sept. 2015, pp. 152–153, doi:10.1302/2046-3758.49.2000571.

9. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Stats of the State - Suicide Mortality.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Feb. 2023, www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/suicide-mortality/suicide.htm.

10. Kroenke, Kurt, et al. “The PHQ-9.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 16, no. 9, 16 Sept. 2001, pp. 606–613, doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.

11. Dir, Allyson L., et al. “Depressive Symptoms Following Recent Sexual Assault: The Role of Drug and Alcohol Use, Acute Stress, and Assault Characteristics.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 36, no. 11–12, 24 June 2018, pp. 5900–5913, doi:10.1177/0886260518803605.

12. Selkie, Ellen M., et al. “Cyberbullying, Depression, and Problem Alcohol Use in Female College Students: A Multisite Study.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 18, no. 2, 1 Feb. 2015, pp. 79–86, doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0371.

13. Jindal, R. “Treatment of Insomnia Associated with Clinical Depression.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, vol. 8, no. 1, 8 Feb. 2004, pp. 19–30, doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)00025-x.

14. Stahl, Stephen M. “The Psychopharmacology of Energy and Fatigue.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 63, no. 1, 2002, pp. 7–8, doi:10.4088/jcp.v63n0102.

15. López-Sobaler, Ana M.a, et al. “Importancia Del Desayuno En La Mejora Nutricional y Sanitaria de La Población.” Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 35, no. 6, 2018, doi:10.20960/nh.2278.

Abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected the global population, but a group often overlooked is the adolescent population. Facing milder symptoms of COVID-19 as compared to their older counterparts, adolescents are not the prime focus of COVID research. This study measured the impacts of COVID on teenage neural processing and speech perception.
The current study compared the neural response to speech sounds in high-schoolers with and without a history of contracting COVID. event-related potential paradigm was used, and the electro-encephalogram (EEG) waves were time-locked to each speech stimulus. The mismatch negativity responses ( the difference between the standard and deviant sounds) were compared between the two participant groups. The two English vowels /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ were used in a nine-equal-step continuum as stimuli.
Overall, adolescents without a history of COVID showed larger standard and deviant responses at all three brain regions and across both standard and deviant conditions, except deviant conditions at the dominant hemisphere. Taken together, these findings suggest that contracting COVID may have long-term effects on the brains of adolescents. Future studies may examine the longer-term effect of COVID on the developing brain, given that participants of this study who had COVID were tested within 6 months of recovery.

References

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2. Bishop, N. A., Lu, T., & Yankner, B. A. (2010). Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive
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3. Briscoe, J., Bishop, D. V., & Norbury, C. F. (2001). Phonological processing, language, and
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4. Carod-Artal F. J. (2021). Post-COVID-19 syndrome: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and
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5. Ceban, F., Ling, S., Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., Rodrigues, N. B.,
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   cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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6. Cheour, M., Shestakova, A., Alku, P., Ceponiene, R., & Näätänen, R. (2002). Mismatch
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8. Datta, H., Shafer, V. L., Morr, M. L., Kurtzberg, D., & Schwartz, R. G. (2010).
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9. Dhochak, N., Singhal, T., Kabra, S. K., & Lodha, R. (2020). Pathophysiology of COVID-19:
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10. Hugon, J., Msika, E. F., Queneau, M., Farid, K., & Paquet, C. (2022). Long COVID: cognitive
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